What is Urban Geography?
This course is an introduction to urban geography. Geography is the study of the physical and human/social environments of the Earth, while urban inquiry focuses on the people and processes of cities and towns -- which now account, for the first time in human history, for a majority of the world's population. Urban geography, then, is concerned with the relations among people, and between people and their environments, in cities and towns across the world.
Such a simple definition is indeed helpful, but it's only a first step. "All boundary-drawing exercises are fraught with difficulties," Derek Gregory (2009, p. 287) reminds us, "and intellectual landscapes are no exception." Consider both terms in the phrase "urban geography." The "urban" is often a contested category: for some, the term includes a wide range of comparatively dense settlements, from big cities all the way to small towns and even low-density suburbs out on the edges of cities; for others, the word is only useful if it refers to the most dense parts of the biggest cities with millions of people. There is also some disagreement, moreover, on what is distinctively and fundamentally urban about the important social, economic, and political changes of our era: yes, we see a lot of fascinating things happening in cities, but does the city change any of the processes underway in society? Despite these disagreements -- and perhaps because of them -- the "urban" is at the heart of the most urgent questions being asked in many fields today. One of the most prominent urban geographers sums up the history this way:
"The study of urban places is central to many social sciences, including geography, because of their importance not only in the distribution of population within countries but also in the organization of economic production, distribution and exchange, in the structuring of social reproduction and cultural life, and in the exercise of political power. Sub-fields of the different social science disciplines were established in the decades after the Second World War to study these separate components, such as urban anthropology, economics, geography, politics, and sociology; later attempts were made to integrate these under the umbrella title of urban studies." (Johnston 2000, p. 870).
The second part of the phrase -- geography -- brings us into interesting territory. Many people don't really understand what geography is, other than the elementary-school memorization of countries, capitals, and commodities. Don't we already know where everything is? But even once we get past those widespread popular misconceptions, it can still be rather difficult to categorize geographers. "Like other aspects of human geography," Paul Knox and Linda McCarthy write, "urban geography is concerned with 'local variability within a general context.' This means that it is concerned with an understanding of both the distinctiveness of individual places (in this case, towns and cities) and the regularities within and between cities in terms of the spatial relationships between people and their environment." (Knox and McCarthy 2005, p. 2, citing Johnston 1984, p. 444). Environment means both the physical-natural and human-social worlds, reflecting the shared heritage of human and physical geography. In turn, the human-physical duality in the field hints at the sense of ambiguity that you probably detect when you talk with geographers: they're pretty hard to pigeonhole, not only because some of them study physical phenomena (climate, rivers, mountains, forests) while others focus on human processes (social, economic, political). But they also seem to go about their work in very different ways, using different tools, languages, and styles of communication. As a result, geographers might very well be best described as undisciplined members of an elusive discipline. If you're a bit unsettled by all this ambiguity, you're in good company. The eminent historian of geography David Livingstone describes efforts to summarize the field this way:
"Because the term 'geography' means, and has meant, different things to different people in different times and places, there is no agreed-upon consensus on what constitutes the project of writing the history of this enterprise. Moreover, while the story of geography as an independent scholarly discipline is inescapably bound up with the history of the professionalization of academic knowledge since around the middle of the nineteenth century, it is clear that the history of geography as a discourse not only operates without such constraints but also reaches beyond the historical and institutional confines of the modern-day discipline. Of course geography as discourse and discipline are interrelated in intimate ways -- one might even say that the purpose of a discipline is precisely to 'discipline' discourse." (Livingston 2000, p. 304).
In this course, our main goal is "to make sense of the ways that towns and cities have changed and are changing, with particular reference to the differences both between urban places and within them." (Knox and McCarthy 2005, p. 2). We tackle four distinct, and yet inter-related, sets of questions.
First, how do cities and other kinds of human settlements vary across time and space? How has the evolution of cities reflected prevailing historical conditions? What are the crucial differences between cities within particular regions or countries, and between different countries? How do certain cities reflect the distinctive circumstances of their geographical context?
Second, what regularities unite seemingly different cities? What are the similarities in patterns, processes, and relationships within different cities, and in networks between cities?
Third, how do social relations shape the form of the city? How are particular activities, land uses, and social groups distributed within and among cities?
Fourth, how does the form of the city shape social relations? How do spatial constraints and locational considerations, for example, influence the way that people decide where to live and where to work? How do the geographies of cities created in previous generations influence the decisions of today's corporations, investors, and governments as they gradually create new urban geographies?
References
Derek Gregory (2009). "Geography." Derek Gregory, R.J. Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, eds., The Dictionary of Human Geography, Fifth Edition. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell, 287-295.
Ron J. Johnston (2000). "Urban." In R. J. Johnston, Derek Gregory, Geraldine Pratt, and Michael Watts, eds., The Dictionary of Human Geography, Fourth Edition. Oxford: Blackwell, 870-872.
Ron Johnston (1984). "The World is Our Oyster." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, NS 9(4), 443-459.
Paul Knox and Linda McCarthy (2005). Urbanization, Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice-Hall.
David N. Livingston (2000). "History of Geography." In R. J. Johnston, Derek Gregory, Geraldine Pratt, and Michael Watts, eds., The Dictionary of Human Geography, Fourth Edition. Oxford: Blackwell, 304-308
Geography 350
Introduction to Urban Geography
Welcome to urban geography!
More than a few years ago, I spent late-night hours watching a television station broadcasting out of Northern Minnesota. One of their most reliable advertisers was a gruff bankruptcy lawyer with a cheap suit, a slightly menacing look on his face that said he knew a shady business a bit too well, and a well-chewed cigar hanging on the right side of his mouth. He looked straight into the camera as he described how he could help you if you found yourself in a financial disaster, and then, in a tobacco-conditioned deep voice, he'd close the ad with a reassuring smile, and say, "This is all I do, and I do it well!" I could not help but admire a guy who had so clearly found his calling.
Replace bankrupcty law with urban geography, and get rid of the cigars, and you've got a fair approximation of what I aspire to. This is all I do, and ... well, whether I do it well is up to you!
In this course, my goal is to ignite your passion for urban geography. Geography is all around us, and we are now living through a dramatic worldwide transformation -- only a few years ago, for the first time in human history, the proportion of the world's people living in urban areas crossed the halfway mark. Inside anyone with an interest in what's going on in the world, therefore, beats the heart of an urban geographer. I hope you can find something in this course that makes that heart beat faster -- and longer. When I look at the longevity of Jane Jacobs, Lewis Mumford, David Harvey, Susan Fainstein, Bill Bunge, Peter Marcuse, Susan Hanson, and Peter Hall, I'm tempted to offer a provocative hypothesis: a love of urban geography helps you live longer!
In this course, we'll study the origin and evolution of cities, the development of networks of cities bound together by trade, migration, communication, and competition, the dynamics of economic restructuring in urban regions, and the fascinating re-sorting that goes on inside cities and suburbs.
Welcome to the class. Please note that all the notes below are subject to change until the date of the lecture itself. I'm always trying to update and refine things, often right up to a few moments before I walk into the day's scheduled class.
"This may be the best of times to be an urban geographer. ... Never before has a critical spatial perspective been so widespread, so focused on cities and urban life, and so generative of new ideas about economics, politics, culture, and social change more generally. Today, no scholar of any stripe can afford not to be, to some degree, an urban geographer."
Ed Soja (2011). "Beyond Postmetropolis." Urban Geography 32(4), 451-469, quote from p. 451.
Urban Geography Journals
Geographers focusing on cities publish in many different kinds of books and journals. Here's a small sample of some of the best places to find the latest advances in our thinking about cities and urban life. Please note that you may need to be working on a computer at UBC, or working through a proxy server or Virtual Private Network, for these links to give you full access to the articles.
Hong Kong SAR, January, 2010 (Elvin Wyly)
Tuesday, September 4. UBC Imagine Day.
Thursday, September 6. Course introduction. Read the syllabus, and skim through a bit of the course web page.
Saturday, September 8. Optional Walking Tour of Vancouver.
Tuesday, September 11. How geographers approach the city. Knox & McCarthy, pp. 4-8, or Bunting et al., pp. vii-x, or Wyly (2009).
Thursday, September 13. Urban origins. Knox & McCarthy, pp. 19-25, or Bunting et al., pp. 19-24, or Davis (1955).
Tuesday, September 18. Cities of the European Renaissance. Akkerman (2001), abstract and introduction.
Thursday, September 20. The industrial city. Knox & McCarthy, pp. 62-74, or Bunting et al., pp. 19-28.
Tuesday, September 25. Detroit case study. Sugrue (2005), pp. 1-14.
Thursday, September 27. Theories of urban systems. Knox & McCarthy, pp. 47-58, or Bunting et al., pp. 276-281, or Berry and Okulicz-Kozaryn (2012).
Tuesday, October 2. Midterm examination.
Thursday, October 4. Current changes in the Canadian urban system. Knox & McCarthy, p. 97, or review Bunting et al., pp. 276-281, or see Bell and Jayne (2009).
Tuesday, October 9. Canada-U.S. contrasts: Looking for the North American city. If you have time before class read this:
Loretta Lees and David Demerritt (1998). "Envisioning the Livable City: The Interplay of 'Sin City' and 'Sim City' in Vancouver's Planning Discourse. Urban Geography 19(4), 332-359.
There's also interesting material in Knox & McCarthy, pp. 100-111, or Wyly (2005).
Thursday, October 11. Analyzing metropolitan economies. Read O'Hagan & Rutland (2007).
Tuesday, October 16. Model to plan to market: State-socialist urban systems.
Thursday, October 18. Guest Lecture: Sam Johns, M.A. Candidate, "iCities: Urban Society in the Age of the Smartphone."
Tuesday, October 23. Urbanization in the Global South. Project submission date. Knox & McCarthy, pp. 117-137.
In class, we'll consider just an excerpt of this talk -- but if you have time, watch the whole thing! Ananya Roy (2012). "Poverty Capital: Microfinance and the Making of Development." Vancouver: Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia.
Thursday, October 25. Mapping Global Cities and World-City Networks. Knox & McCarthy, pp. 104-107, or Bunting et al., pp. 56-67, or else the "global" notes to the left. The "GAWC" notes are the main project option we'll be exploring in class.
Tuesday, October 30. The city as a real-estate growth machine, & Housing markets and neighborhood change. Optional: Knox & McCarthy, pp. 189-204, then 207-216; or Bunting et al., pp. 225-240, then 342-355. The slides for our lecture are here.
Warning! The schedule this week is tentative, because CUPE 2278 may be taking job action, and the UBC Administration will swiftly deploy the principle of "Dream Up, Blame Down" (see Phillips [2009]. City Lights: Urban-Suburban Life in the Global Society. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 348 ff) to divide the loyalties of undergraduates, graduate students, teaching assistants, staff, and faculty. When I checked email today, Sunday, October 28, I received an official email from UBC informing me of the University policies on job actions, along with a link to http://www.jobaction.ubc.ca. Following that link led me to a declaration that "Members of the university community are entitled to exercise a decision of conscience not to cross a legal picket line, but must provide notice in advance." The website also indicates, "Faculty and staff must provide notice to their head, manager, or supervisor before Sunday, October 27 at 3 a.m." Um, er, well ... Sunday is October 28, and do you really expect us to be checking email twenty-four seven? Three a.m.? Really?
Bottom line: I don't know what will happen this week. If our TAs establish picket lines, I will honor them, but I'll do everything in my power to prevent that from causing problems for you. In other words, I will attempt to make it to campus on Tuesday, and I will attempt to be at our regular meeting place at the appointed time. But if picket lines are established, it is not known exactly what will be on the agenda. Optional: See Michael Bernard-Donals (2009). "Solidarity Forever: Why TA Unions are Good for Writing Programs." College Composition & Communication 61(2), 437-451.
Updates: Charles Menzies (2012). "The Longer the Picket Line, the Shorter the Strike." The Ubyssey, October 30; and Laura Rodgers (2012). "TAs Start Job Action with a One-Hour Picket Outside the Jack Bell Building." The Ubyssey, October 30.
Thursday, November 1. A Special, Unexpected Opportunity! Loïc Wacquant is visiting UBC, so we'll all go over to the Liu Institute for Global Issues, Multipurpose Room, to see his lecture: "The Production and Penalization of the Precariat in the Neoliberal Age."
Here's an abstract of his talk: Drawing on Bourdieu’s theory of social space and symbolic power, Professor Loic Wacquant builds a bridge between his books Urban Outcasts and Punishing the Poor to bring into a single model the emergence of the “precariat” and shifts in public policies aimed at managing problem populations and territories in the dualizing city. He tracks the rise of a new regime of “advanced marginality”, and shows how states have responded to the objective and subjective social insecurity this regime has spawned through “punitive containment.”
Optional but highly recommended: explore his website, and read Loïc Wacquant (2010). "Crafting the Neoliberal State: Workfare, Prisonfare, and Social Insecurity." Sociological Forum 25(2), 197-220.
Tuesday, November 6. Hedonic Vancouver, continued. I'll finish up our discussion of hedonic pricing models and other housing stories today. Then at some point I will probably not be able to resist piping in some of the coverage of the election returns in the U.S. Sorry, I just can't quite take my eyes off the bizarre spectacle of U.S. politics! There are some fascinating urban-geographical dimensions to the electoral competition. Here's one simple data visualization I cooked up yesterday. Optional but highly recommended: read Jon Goss (1995). "We Know Who You Are and We Know Where You Live: The Instrumental Rationality of Geodemographic Systems." Economic Geography 71(2), 171-198, and compare with Lois Beckett (2012). "How Companies Have Assembled Political Profiles for Millions of Internet Users." Propublica, available at http://www.propublica.org, October 22.
The spatial-statistical approach I used to map the house-price residuals for Vancouver can also be used to measure the spatiality of the "Obama effect": see Nicholas R. Seabrook (2009). "The Obama Effect: Patterns of Geographic Clustering in the 2004 and 2008 Presidential Elections." The Forum 7(2), 1-16.
Yet another optional but interesting tidbit: remember that airport conference room I told you about when we talked about airline networks, the weird urban/non-urban spaces of airports, and global cities? I was there for a project meeting with Peter Dreier, a Professor of Political Science at Occidental College. Peter made the front page of the New York Times today, speaking about Occidental's "Campaign Semester," which gives students academic credit for working on political campaigns. It's exciting, but it involves long, intense days of unpaid labor for the first ten weeks of the semester. "Fuelled by coffee and adrenaline, students put in 15-hour days, all unpaid, often doing unglamorous grunt work that may not be exactly as intellectually rigorous as parsing the nuances of Immanuel Kant," writes Ian Lovett in the Times account of the program. Dreier tells the reporter, "You can read all the textbooks in the world about campaigns and elections, but until you've worked on one, you don't realize how chaotic and exciting it is"; after the election, students will return to campus to read and discuss the more theoretical aspects of campaigns. "We try to get them to think analytically about it; we are a college after all," Dreier reflected. See Ian Lovett (2012). "Politics 101, Without the Classroom." New York Times, November 5.
Thursday, November 8. Social area analysis: classical and contemporary. Read, if you have time before lecture, or else after lecture, Knox and McCarthy, pp. 311-316, or Elvin Wyly (1999). "Continuity and Change in the Restless Urban Landscape." Economic Geography 75(4), 309-338. The slides for today's lecture are here.
Oops! On Tuesday I was asked about the expected length for your projects. The correct answer is: 2,500 words. I'm sorry for the confusion -- this was because of some changes I made in the number of projects, in this class and the other class that is occupying my mind. So, bottom line: your projects should be up to 2,500 words in length, not counting references, figures, tables, or other supplementary information.
Tuesday, November 13. Guest lecture: "The Ten Cities of Toronto," by Liam McGuire. Project submission date. Before class: Read the Executive Summary of Liam's "Ten Cities." The slides for Liam's presentation today are here.
Optional: If you want a sneak video preview, see this. If you work with Google Earth, then look for the file "tencities.kml" here. Or, if you want to see the full thesis: Liam McGuire (2012). The Ten Cities of Toronto: Patterns of Socio-economic Inequality and Polarization Throughout the Toronto Metropolitan Area. MA Thesis. Vancouver, BC: Department of Geography, University of British Columbia.
Thursday, November 15. Race, housing, and the urban "underclass." Knox & McCarthy, pp. 316-318, or Bunting et al., pp. 381-387.
Tuesday, November 20. Gentrification. Before you come to class, please skim through the highlights of the lecture notes to the left, then read page 31 to the end very closely. Then, if you have twenty minutes, watch Mark Brand's TEDX talk. Then come to class prepared to discuss: is this a new kind of gentrification?
Thursday, November 22. Homelessness.
Highly recommended: Don Mitchell and Nik Heynen (2009). "The Geography of Survival and the Right to the City: Speculations on Surveillance, Legal Innovation, and the Criminalization of Intervention." Urban Geography 30(6), 611-632.
Tuesday, November 27. Guest Lecture: Pablo Mendez, Ph.D. (UBC, 2011): "Ambiguity at Home: Unauthorized Geographies of Housing in Vancouver." Read the abstract of his fabulous dissertation!
Thursday, November 29. Guest Lecture: Sam Walker, M.A. Candidate, UBC Geography. Urban Geographies of "Food Deserts." The slides for Sam's presentation are here.
elviNotes™
Date; Topic; Read Before Class.
Schedule
Below is our schedule of topics and readings. Selections you should read before class are listed on the right-hand side. On the left-hand side are lecture notes, which you can skim before class if you have time -- but this is not mandatory. We're always making lots of revisions and updates right up to the moment we walk into class, because there's always new and exciting things happening in urban geography! The lecture notes do, however, serve as a convenient record of the key points we covered in class. When you take notes, therefore, you do not need to try to capture everything: take notes to highlight the things you find most interesting, and questions and topics you wish to investigate further.
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