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Recommendatio Urbanus

Recommendation, from the Old French and the Middle Latin, recommendatio

Bibliography of recommendations: Geography 350, Introduction to Urban Geography

All textbooks are summaries: concise portraits of the state of a particular field of study, presented from the perspective of a particular author at a particular point in time. The texts for this course offer valuable summaries of urban geography, but when you are interested in learning more about a particular topic -- and developing your own perspective on a particular aspect of cities and urban geography -- you should consult the rich list of references at the end of the chapters in that textbook that sits on your desk. These reference lists provide valuable starting points for your own investigation of a particular topic. These lists are probably overwhelming if you're pressed for time and you're looking for "the answer" to a specific, narrow question. But things look different if you recognize that the questions we ask are often much more interesting than the answers we offer; then it becomes clear that all those end-of-chapter references in a textbook provide a glimpse of the wonderful scope and diversity of questions being explored by many scholars who have been captivated by cities and urban life. There are so many wonderful urban books and articles, and so little time!

Unfortunately, one of the dirty little secrets of University life is that few people really take full advantage of bibliographies and reference lists. How many times have you enjoyed reading a chapter of a textbook, and then taken the author's advice to track down at least a few of the "recommended readings" listed at the end? Usually, the tyrannies of logistics and bureaucracy get in the way. The library doesn't have the book, or if it does, it's already checked out to another borrower, or if not, it's on reserve, and another student has it right now, or you're at home across town and the library doesn't have the electronic version of the journal you need, or the connection is down and you can't get that annoying proxy server and virtual private network to work properly, and all of a sudden you realize that you've spent an hour of your precious time spinning your wheels on distracting technological obsessions. At that point your enjoyment with that chapter has evaporated, and you're likely a bit angry at the author of the textbook, your professor, and anyone else who dares to suggest, "you should take a look at..."

I understand this frustration. So I am gradually trying to set things up so that you can look over my shoulder and get access to things that I have found useful in learning about particular topics covered in this course. Below is an evolving list of references that have, in various ways, informed my thinking -- and in some cases have shaped the way that I have presented particular issues on the written lecture outlines.

Do not panic! This is not a list of required reading! But I do recommend that you consult some of these sources -- along with other relevant sources you've read in your independent study or for other courses -- when preparing your projects and for the essay sections of the examinations.

You can find most of these sources by doing a quick search on Google Scholar and then sifting through the UBC Library Collections. Alternatively, use the access information presented in the first day of class to gain access to 'The Library' link above.

How Geographers Approach the City

Jonathan M. Smith (1996). "Geographical Rhetoric: Modes and Tropes of Appeal." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86(1), 1-20.

A Short Historiography of Urban Geography

Berry, Brian J.L., and James O. Wheeler (2005). "Introduction." Urban Geography in America, 1950-2000: Paradigms and Personalities. London and New York: Routledge, xi-xix.

The Origins of Cities and Early Urban Empires

Cowgill, George L. (2004). "Origins and Development of Urbanism: Archaeological Perspectives." Annual Review of Anthropology 33, 525-549.

Davis, Kingsley (1955). "The Origin and Growth of Urbanization in the World." American Journal of Sociology 69(5), 429-437.

Rothman, Mitchell S (2004). "Studying the Development of Complex Society: Mesopotamia in the Late Fifth and Fourth Millennia BC." Journal of Archaeological Research 12(1), 75-119.

Stein, Gil J. (1998). "Heterogeneity, Power, and Political Economy: Some Current Research Issues in the Archaeology of Old World Complex Societies." Journal of Archaeological Research 6(1), 1-44.

Renaissance and Baroque Urban Design

Vance, James E., Jr. (1990). "The Prince's Capital and the Merchant's Town." Chapter 6 in The Continuing City: Urban Morphology in Western Civilization. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University.

Vance, James E., Jr. (1971). "Land Assignment in the Precapitalist, Capitalist, and Postcapitalist City." Economic Geography 47(2), 101-120.

The Industrial City in Britain and North America

Hoyt, Homer (1941). "Forces of Urban Centralization and Decentralization." American Journal of Sociology 46(6), 843-852.

Mosher, Anne E. (1995). "Something Better than the Best: Industrial Restructuring, George McMurtry and the Creation of the Model Industrial Town of Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, 1883-1901." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85(1), 84-107.

Page, Brian, and Richard Walker (1991). "From Settlement to Fordism: The Agro-Industrial Revolution in the American Midwest." Economic Geography 67(4), 281-315.

Theories and Models of Urban System Development

Berry, Brian J.L. (1964). "Cities as Systems Within Systems of Cities." Papers of the Regional Science Association 13, 147-163.

Black, Duncan, and Vernon Henderson (2003). "Urban Evolution in the USA." Journal of Economic Geography 3, 343-372.

Davies, Wayne K.D., and Daniel P. Donoghue (1993). "Economic Diversification and Group Stability in an Urban System: The Case of Canada, 1951-86." Urban Studies 30(7), 1165-1186.

Fujita, Masahisa, and Tomoya Mori (1998). "On the Dynamics of Frontier Economies: Endogenous Growth of the Self-Organization of a Dissipative System?" Annals of Regional Science 32, 39-62.

Fujita, Mahahisa, and Paul Krugman (2004). "The New Economic Geography: Past, Present, and Future." Papers in Regional Science 83, 139-164.

Pumain, Denise (2004). "Scaling Laws and Urban Systems." Paris: Sorbonne; Santa Fe, NM: Santa Fe Institute.

Richardson, Harry W. (1972). "Optimality in City Size, Systems of Cities and Urban Policy: A Sceptic's View." Urban Studies 9(1), 29-48.

Simmons, Jim, and Larry S. Bourne (2003). The Canadian Urban System, 1971-2001; Responses to a Changing World. Research Bulletin 18. Toronto: Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto.

Urbanization in Canada and the United States: Divergence or Convergence?

Lees, Loretta, and David Demeritt (1998). "Envisioning the Livable City: The Interplay of 'Sin City' and 'Sim City' in Vancouver's Planning Discourse." Urban Geography 19(4), 332-359.

Slater, Tom (2002). "Looking at the 'North American City' Through the Lens of Gentrification Discourse." Urban Geography 23(2), 131-153.

Zolnik, Edmund J. (2004). "The North American City Revisited: Urban Quality of Life in Canada and the United States." Urban Geography 25(3), 217-240.

Abu-Laban, Yasmeen, and Judith A. Garber (2005). "The Construction of the Geography of Immigration as a Policy Problem: The United States and Canada Compared." Urban Affairs Review 40(4), 520-561.

Ott, Thomas (2004). "Are Canadian Cities Becoming More American? Evidence from the West." Journal of the Association for Canadian Studies in German-Speaking Countries 24(1), 162-175.

Razin, Eran, and Mark Rosentraub (2000). "Are Fragmentation and Sprawl Interlinked? North American Evidence." Urban Affairs Review 35(6), 821-836.

Reese, Laura (2004). Do Goals Drive Stragegies? Differences in Canadian and U.S. Approaches to Local Economic Development. Paper presented at City Futures Conference, University of Illinois at Chicago. Detroit: Wayne State University.

Théret, Bruno (1999). "Regionalism and Federalism: a Comparative Analysis of the Regulation of Economic Tensions between Regions by Canadian and American Federal Intergovernmental Transfer Programmes." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23 (3), 479-512.

Analyzing and Interpreting Metropolitan Economies

Rutland, Ted, and Sean O'Hagan (2007). "The Growing Localness of the Canadian City, or, On the Continued (Ir)relevance of Economic Base Theory." Local Economy 22(2), 163-185.

Markusen, Ann, and Greg Schrock (2008). "Consumption-Driven Urban Development." Forthcoming in Urban Geography.

Acs, Zoltan J. (1998). "High-Technology Employment Growth in Major U.S. Metropolitan Areas." Small Business Economics 10, 47-59.

Dunn, Edgar S., Jr. (1960). "A Statistical and Analytical Technique for Regional Analysis." Papers in Regional Science 6, 97-112.

Haynes, Kingsley E., and Mustafa Dinc. (1997). "Productivity Change in Manufacturing Regions: A Multifactor/Shift-Share Approach. Growth and Change 28, 201-221.

Jackiewicz, Edward L. (2001). "Neoliberalism and Shifts in Occupational Structure: Quito, Ecuador, 1982-90. Tijdschrift voor Economishe en Sociale Geografie 92(4), 437-448.

Nazara, Suahasil, and Geoffrey J.D. Hewings (2003). Towards Regional Growth Decomposition with Neighbors' Effect: A New Perspective on Shift-Share Analysis. Report 03-T-21. Champaign: Regional Economics Applications Laboratory, University of Illinois.

Scott, Allen J. (2004). "Cultural-Products Industries and Urban Economic Development: Prospects for Growth and Market Contestation in Global Context." Urban Affairs Review 39(4), 461-490.

Model to Plan to Market: State-Socialist and Post-Socialist Urban Systems

Bontje, Marco (2004). "Facing the Challenge of Shrinking Cities in East Germany: The Case of Leipzig." Geojournal 61, 13-21.

Kovacs, Zoltan (1999). "Cities from State-Socialism to Global Capitalism: An Introduction." Geojournal 49, 1-6.

Lewis, Robert A., and Richard H. Rowland (1969). "Urbanization in Russia and the USSR: 1897-1966." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 59(4), 776-796.

Nefedova, Tatyana, and Andrey Treivish (2003). "Differential Urbanisation in Russia." Tijdschrift voor Economishe en Sociale Geografie 94(1), 75-88.

Sailer-Fliege, Ulrike (1999). "Characteristics of Post-Socialist Urban Transformation in East Central Europe." Geojournal 49, 7-16.

Scarpaci, Joseph L. (2000). "On the Transformation of Socialist Cities." Urban Geography 21(8), 659-669.

Sheppard, Eric. (2000). "Socialist Cities?" Urban Geography 21(8), 758-763.

Smith, David W., and Joseph L. Scarpaci (2000). "Urbanization in Transitional Societies: An Overview of Vietnam and Hanoi." Urban Geography 21(8), 745-757.

Tang, Wing-Shing (2000). "Chinese Urban Planning at Fifty: An Assessment of the Planning Theory Literature." Journal of Planning Literature 14(3), 347-366.

Urbanization in the Global Periphery

Davis, Mike (2004). "Planet of Slums." New Left Review 26, 5-34.

Davis, Mike (2004). "The Urbanization of Empire: Megacities and the Laws of Chaos." Social Text 22(4), 9-15.

Gandy, Matthew (2005). "Learning from Lagos." New Left Review 33, 36-52.

Kasarda, John D., and Edward M. Crenshaw (1991). "Third World Urbanization: Dimensions, Theories, and Determinants. Annual Review of Sociology 17, 467-501.

McIlwain, Cathy (1997). "Third-World Development: Urbanizing for the Future." Progress in Human Geography 21(3), 406-413.

Globalization and World Cities

Beaverstock, Jonathan V., Richard G. Smith, and Peter J. Taylor (2000). "World-City Network: A New Metageography?" Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90(1), 123-134.

Dawson, Ashley, and Brent Hayes Edwards (2004). "Global Cities of the South." Social Text 22(4), 1-7.

Friedmann, John (1986). "The World City Hypothesis." Development and Change 17(1), 69-84.

Friedmann, John (2001). "World Cities Revisited: A Comment." Urban Studies 38(13), 2535-2536.

Hall, Peter (2001). Christaller for a Global Age: Redrawing the Urban Hierarchy. Research Bulletin 69. Loughborough, UK: Loughborough University Globalization and World Cities Research Group.

The City as a Real-Estate Growth Machine

Alonso, William (1960). "A Theory of the Urban Land Market." Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association 6, 149-157.

Alonso, William (1964). "The Historic and the Structural Theories of Urban Form: Their Implications for Urban Renewal." Land Economics 40(2), 227-231.

Cheshire, Paul, and Stephen Sheppard (2000). Hedonic Perspectives on 'the' Price of Land. London: London School of Economics.

Haila, Anne (2000). "Real Estate in Global Cities: Singapore and Hong Kong as Property States." Urban Studies 37, 2241-2256.

Harvey, David (1974). "Class-Monopoly Rent, Finance Capital, and the Urban Revolution." Regional Studies 8. Reprinted in Lake, Robert W., ed., Readings in Urban Analysis: Perspectives on Urban Form and Structure. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research 250-277.

Jager, Johannes (2003). "Urban Land Rent Theory: A Regulationist Perspective." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27(2), 233-249.

The City as Social Space

Berry, Brian J.L. (1971). "Introduction: The Logic and Limitations of Comparative Factorial Ecology." Economic Geography 47, Supplement, 209-219.

Bourne, Larry, and Gerald M. Barber (1971). "Ecological Patterns of Small Urban Centers in Canada." Economic Geography 47, Supplement, 258-265.

Davies, Wayne K.D. (1991). "Consistency and Differential Impact in Urban Social Dimensionality: Intraurban Variations in the 24 Metropolitan Areas of Canada." Urban Geography 12(1), 55-79.

Johnston, R.J. (1971). "Some Limitations of Factorial Ecologies and Social Area Analysis." Economic Geography 47, Supplement, 314-323.

Gatrell, Anthony C. (1981). "On the Structure of Urban Social Areas: Explorations Using Q-Analysis." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 6(2), 228-245.

Goss, Jon (1995). "We Know Who You Are and We Know Where You Live: The Instrumental Rationality of Geodemographic Systems." Economic Geography 71(2), 171-198.

Wyly, Elvin K. (1999). "Continuity and Change in the Restless Urban Landscape." Economic Geography 75(4), 309-338.

New Urban Forms, New Urban Models

Dear, Michael, and Steven Flusty (1998). "Postmodern Urbanism." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 56(1), 109-126.

Harris, Richard, and Robert Lewis (1998). "Constructing a Fault(y) Zone: Misrepresentations of American Cities and Suburbs, 1900-1950." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88(4), 622-639.

Hutton, Thomas A. (2004). "The New Economy of the Inner City." Cities 21(2), 89-108.

Knox, Paul L. (1991). "The Restless Urban Landscape: Economic and Sociocultural Change and the Transformation of Metropolitan Washington, DC." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81(2), 181-209.

Nijman, Jan (2000). "The Paradigmatic City." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90(1), 135-145.

Ross, Bob, and Don Mitchell (2004). "Neoliberal Landscapes of Deception: Detroit, Ford Field, and the Ford Motor Company." Urban Geography 25(7), 685-689.

Housing Markets and Neighborhood Change

Adams, John S. (1986). "Housing Markets in the Twighlight of Materialism." Professional Geographer 38(3), 233-237.

Bunting, Trudi, R. Alan Walks, and Pierre Filion (2004). "The Uneven Geography of Housing Affordability Stress in Canadian Metropolitan Areas." Housing Studies 19(3), 361-393.

Galster, George (2001). "On the Nature of Neighbourhood." Urban Studies 38(12), 2111-2124.

Galster, George (1996). "William Grigsby and the Analysis of Housing Sub-Markets and Filtering." Urban Studies 33(1), 1797-1805.

Marcuse, Peter (2001). "The Liberal/Conservative Divide in the History of Housing Policy in the United States." Housing Studies 16(6), 717-736.

Moore, Eric, and Andrejs Skaburskis (2004). "Canada's Increasing Housing Affordability Burdens." Housing Studies 19(3), 395-413.

Poverty, Race, Housing, and the Urban 'Underclass'

Gans, Herbert J. (1993). "From 'Underclass' to 'Undercaste': Some Observations about the Future of the Postindustrial Economy and its Major Victims." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 17(3), 327-335.

Ley, David, and Heather Smith (2008). "Even in Canada? The Multiscalar Construction and Experience of Concentrated Immigrant Poverty in Gateway Cities." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98(3), 686-713.

Hajnal, Zoltan L. (1995). "The Nature of Concentrated Urban Poverty in Canada and the United States." Canadian Journal of Sociology 20(4), 497-518.

Kasarda, John D., Edward Bachmann, and Andrea Bohlig (1993). "Underclass Concepts and Measures." Overview, Urban Underclass Database. New York: Social Science Research Council.

Ley, David, and Heather Smith (2000). "Relations Between Deprivation and Immigrant Groups in Large Canadian Cities." Urban Studies 37(1), 37-62.

Marks, Carole (1991). "The Urban Underclass." Annual Review of Sociology 17, 445-466.

Smith, Heather A. (2004). The Evolving Relationship Between Immigrant Settlement and Neighbourhood Disadvantage in Canadian Cities, 1991-2001. WP 04-20. Vancouver: Vancouver Centre of Excellence, Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis.

Wilson, William Julius (1996). "From Institutional to Jobless Ghettos." Chapter 1 in When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Knopf.

Wilson, William Julius (1985). "Urban Poverty." Annual Review of Sociology 11, 231-258.

Wilson, Frank Harold (2004). "Changing Patterns of Race and Class: The Emergence of the New Black Middle Class and the Urban Black Underclass." Chapter 3 in Race, Class and the Postindustrial City: William Julius Wilson and the Promise of Sociology. New York: State University of New York Press.

Immigration, Transnational Urbanism, and the 'Balkanization' Debate

Dear, Michael, and Hector Manuel Lucero (2005). "Postborder Cities, Postborder World: The Rise of Bajalta California." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 23, 317-321.

Ellis, Mark (2001). "What Future for Whites? Population Projections and Racialized Imaginaries in the US." International Journal of Population Geography 7, 213-229.

Ellis, Mark, and Richard Wright (1998). "The Balkanization Metaphor in the Analysis of U.S. Immigration." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88(4), 686-698.

Frey, William H. (1996). "Immigration, Domestic Migration, and Demographic Balkanization in America: New Evidence for the 1990s." Population and Development Review, 22 (4): 741-763.

Frey, William H. (2003). Metropolitan Magnets for International and Domestic Migrants. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy.

Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo, and Michael Peter Smith (1998). "Theorizing Transnationalism." Transnationalism from Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research, Vol. 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Hou, Feng, and Larry S. Bourne (2004). Population Movement Into and Out of Canada's Immigrant Gateway Cities: A Comparative Study of Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Ottawa: Business and Labour Market Analysis Division, Statistics Canada.

Ley, David (1999). "Myths and Meanings of Immigration and the Metropolis." Canadian Geographer 43(1), 2-19.

Geographies of Gentrification

Byrne, J. Peter (2003). "Two Cheers for Gentrification." Howard Law Journal 46(3), 405-432.

Duany, Andres (2001). "Three Cheers for Gentrification." American Enterprise Magazine, April/May, 36-39.

Lees, Loretta (2003). "Super-Gentrification: The Case of Brooklyn Heights, New York City." Urban Studies 40(12), 2487-2509.

Ley, David (1980). "Liberal Ideology and the Postindustrial City." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70(2), 238-258.

Ley, David (2003). "Artists, Aestheticization and the Field of Gentrification." Urban Studies 40(12), 2527-2544.

Meligrana, John, and Andrejs Skaburskis (2005). "Extent, Location, and Profiles of Continuing Gentrification in Canadian Metropolitan Areas, 1981-2001." Urban Studies 42(9), 1569-1597.

Rose, Damaris (1999). "Urban Hierarchies and the Changing Characteristics of 'Urban Professionals' in Toronto and Montreal: Between Convergence and Divergence." Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 133-141.

Slater, Tom (2004). "Municipally Managed Gentrification in South Parkdale, Toronto." Canadian Geographer 48(3), 303-325.

Wyly, Elvin K., and Daniel J. Hammel (2005). "Mapping Neoliberal American Urbanism." In Rowland Atkinson and Gary Bridge, eds., Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism. London and New York: Routledge, 18-38.

Homelessness

Begin, Patricia, et al. (1999). Homelessness. PRB 99-1E. Ottowa: Library of Parliament, Parliamentary Research Branch.

GPC Public Affairs (2005). Canadian Housing Framework, Urban Aboriginal Homelessness. Ottawa: HRDC/CMHC.

Klodawsky, Fran, Susan Farrell, and Tim D'Aubry (2002). "Images of Homelessness in Ottawa: Implications for Local Politics." Canadian Geographer 46(2), 126-143.

MacLeod, Gordon (2002). "From Urban Entrepreneurialism to a 'Revanchist City'? On the Spatial Injustices of Glasgow's Renaissance." Antipode 34(3), 602-624.

Mitchell, Don (1997). "The Annihilation of Space by Law: The Roots and Implications of Anti-Homeless Laws in the United States." Antipode 29(3), 303-335.

Smith, Neil (1992). "Contours of a Spatialized Politics: Homeless Vehicles and the Production of Geographical Scale." Social Text 33, 54-81.

Governance, Politics, and Urban Change

Andrew, Caroline (2001). "The Shame of (Ignoring) the Cities." Journal of Canadian Studies 35(4), 100-110.

Bourne, Larry (2003). "Elastic Cities, Inelastic Governments." Association of Canadian Studies, Canadian Issues, February.

Gertler, Meric (2001). "Urban Economy and Society in Canada: Flows of People, Capital, and Ideas." Isuma, 119-130.

Harvey, David (1989). "From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism." Geografiska Annaler B 71(1), 3-17.

Keil, Roger (2002). "Common-Sense Neoliberalism: Progressive Conservative Urbanism in Toronto, Canada." Antipode 34(3), 578-600.

Leibovitz, Joseph (2003). "Institutional Barriers to Associative City-Region Governance: The Politics of Institution-Building and Economic Governance in 'Canada's Technology Triangle.'" Urban Studies 40(13), 2613-2642.

Sancton, Andrew (2001). "Canadian Cities and the New Regionalism." Journal of Urban Affairs 23(5), 543-555.

Wolfe, Jeanne M. (2003). "A National Urban Policy for Canada? Prospects and Challenges." Canadian Journal of Urban Research 12(1), 1-21.

Policy and Planning

Alexander, Ernest R. (2004). "Capturing the Public Interest: Promoting Planning in Conservative Times." Journal of Planning Education and Research 22, 102-106.

Bourne, Larry S., and Jim Simmons (2003). "New Fault Lines? Recent Trends in the Canadian Urban System and Their Implications for Planning and Public Policy." Canadian Journal of Urban Research 12(1), 22-47.

Fainstein, Susan (2000). "New Directions in Planning Theory." Urban Affairs Review 35(4), 451-478.

Filion, Pierre (2003). "Towards Smart Growth? The Difficult Implementation of Alternatives to Urban Dispersion." Canadian Journal of Urban Research 12(1), 48-70.

Kipfer, Stefan, and Roger Keil (2002). "Toronto Inc? Planning the Competitive City in the New Toronto." Antipode 34(2), 227-264.

Future Urban Geographies

Berry, Brian J.L. (1970). "The Geography of the United States in the Year 2000." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 51, 21-53.

Berry, Brian J.L. (2004). "American Geographers in the Year 2004." Professional Geographer 56(1), 96-99.

Brunn, Stanley D. (2004). "Looking Backwards into the Future with Brian Berry." Professional Geographer 56(1), 76-80.

Graham, Stephen (2005). "Remember Fallujah: Demonising Place, Constructing Atrocity." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 23, 1-10.

Gregory, Derek (2003). "Defiled Cities." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 24(3), 307-326.

Hewitt, Kenneth (1983). "Place Annihilation: Area Bombing and the Fate of Urban Places." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73(2), 257-284.

Janelle, Donald G. (2004). "Looking Back and Looking Forward from 'The Geography of the United States in the Year 2000." Professional Geographer 56(1), 81-84.

Sui, Daniel Z. (2004). "The Geography of the United States in the Year 2000: Science, Predictability, and Public Policy in an Age of Uncertainty." Professional Geographer 56(1), 73-75.

Warf, Barney (2004). "Troubled Leviathan: The Contemporary U.S. versus Brian Berry's U.S." Professional Geographer 56(1), 85-90.

Wyly, Elvin K. (2004). "Geographies of the United States in the Year 2004." Professional Geographer 56(1), 91-95.